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Appendicular skeleton
Note: There is a subpage called "Nine Fingers and Nine Toes" about an accident with a saw and some interesting reconstructive surgery!
This is a great (1 min) video showing what exactly gets replaced during a hip replacement surgery. It has really helpful 3-D images of the pelvic bones and the femur and the hardware used in the procedure.
http://video.about.com/orthopedics/Hip-Replacement.htm
000000000000000 
a
The appendicular skeleton has six major areas of focus:
Bones of the Pectoral girdle:
The pectoral girdle consists of the consists of the Clavicle and Scapula. The acromial end (lateral end) articulates with the “acromion” (Greek for “shoulder peak”) of the scapula, forming the “Acromioclavicular Joint”. The only joints between shoulder girdle and axial skeleton are the sternoclavicular joints on each side. No joint exists between each scapula and the thoracic cage, instead the muscular connection between the two permits relatively great mobility of the shoulder girdle in relation to the pelvic girdle.
Bones of the Arm:
Each arm consists of three bones. The bone of the proximal portion of the arm is the Humerus. The more distal bones of the arm are the Ulna, which is more medial in anatomical position and the Radius, which is more lateral in anatomical position.
In anatomy, an arm is one of the upper limbs. In the lexicon of human anatomy, the term arm refers specifically to the segment between the shoulder and the elbow. The segment between the elbow and wrist is the forearm. However, in colloquial speech the term arm often refers to the entire upper limb from shoulder to wrist.
In primates the arms are richly adapted for both climbing and for more skilled, manipulative tasks. The ball and socket shoulder joint allows for movement of the arms in a wide circular plane, while the presence of two forearm bones which can rotate around each other allows for additional range of motion at this level. 
a
aa000000000000000000 
The human upper arm
The hands (med./lat.: manus, pl. manūs) are the two intricate, prehensile, multi-fingered body parts normally located at the end of each arm of a human. The hand consists of groups of bones that are the Carpals, Metacarpals and Phalanges going from the proximal portion of the wrist down to the tips of the fingers. The bones of the fingers are numbered starting with the thumb being 1 and the pinky finger being 5. They are the chief organs for physically manipulating the environment, using anywhere from the roughest motor skills (wielding a club) to the finest (threading a needle), and since the fingertips contain some of the densest areas of nerve endings on the human body, they are also the richest source of tactile feedback so that sense of touch is intimately associated with human hands. Like other paired organs (eyes, ears, legs), each hand is dominantly controlled by the opposing brain hemisphere, and thus handedness, or preferred hand choice for single-handed activities such as writing with a pen, reflects a significant individual trait.
//
The (pelvis pl. pelvises or pelves) is the bony structure located at the base of the spine (properly known as the caudal end). It is part of the appendicular skeleton. Each os coxae (hipbone) consists of three bones: the Ilium, Ischium, and the Pubis. The ilium is the largest and upper most part, the ischium is the posterior-inferior (back-lower) part, and the pubis is the anterior (front) part of the hipbone. The two hipbones are joined anteriorly at the symphysis pubis and posteriorly to the sacrum. The pelvis incorporates the socket portion of the hip joint for each leg (in bipeds) or hind leg (in quadrupeds). It forms the lower limb (or hind-limb) girdle of
the skeleton.
Bones of the Leg:
The Right Leg
There are four bones in the leg. From anterior to posterior they are the Femur, the Patella, the Tibia and the Fibula. The Femur, Tibia and Fibula are all long bones. The patella is a short bone that forms as sesmoid bone as infants learn to crawl. The knee is a hinge joint.
The femur is the longest bone in the body and it is located in the upper leg. The tibia is medially placed and is the weigh-bearing bone in the lower leg. The fibula is the long,thin, laterally placed bone of the lower leg.
Photos of the Greater Trochanter from Total Hip replacement:
Neck of Femur sawed to remove the Alternate view of the Femoral Head. Ligamentum Teres coming out of the Fovea Capitis. Femoral Head for Hip Replacement.
AWESOME picture of an Compound FX and Dislocation of the Right Ankle
Other Bone Information:
This is a diagram of a normal persons toe.
This is what happens when you get an ingrown toenail.
Parts of a Long Bone
The articular cartilage (not pictured) is smooth cartilage in joints that is kept moist by synovial fluid.
A patient with a history of breast cancer is referred to nuclear medicine for a bone scan and PET scan to evaluate possible metastatic spread of the disease.
In this picture, this patient was riding a BMX bike and wrecked and dislocated his Medial malleolous from his Talus.
On the left is an x-ray of the left foot. A broken 5th metatarsal can clearly been seen. On the right, post surgery. A surgeon has performed an ORIF (Open Reduction, Internal Fixation)...which in this case, is to screw a stainless steel or titanium metal plate onto the broken bone to hold it in place while it heals.
These two photos show an ORIF in progress. On the left, Senn (Miller) retractors hold the incision open so the surgeon can work on the broken metatarsal. On the right, the metal plate used to hold the broken metatarsal during the healing process is in place.
These pictures show us how amazing ballerinas feet are. When ballerinas go on point they are putting all of their weight on the tips of all their toes. This picture on the left also shows us how hard dancing can be to our feet. This x-ray above is giving us a much different view from just watching a ballerina dance.
Here is a famous football injury that happened to Joe Theisman in the early 80's. Lawrence Taylor tackles him, and he breaks his tibia. This was a career ending injury. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQ1iVRRu6w0
Disease and Problems associated with the Appendicular Skeleton:
Bone Cancer
Bone tumor is an inexact term, which can be used for both benign and malignant abnormal growths found in bone, but is most commonly used for primary tumors of bone, such as osteosarcoma (or osteoma).
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of malignant bone cancer accounting for 35% of primary bone malignancies. There is a preference for the metaphyseal region of tubular long bones 50% of cases occur around the knee. It is a malignant connective (soft) tissue tumor whose neoplastic cells present osteoblastic differentiation and form tumoral bone.
Chondrosarcoma is a type of cancer of the bone. Chondrosarcoma is a cartilage-based tumor and is in a category of cancers called sarcomas. About 25% of primary bone cancers (meaning those which start in the bone) are chondrosarcomas. This disease can affect people or animals of any age, although it is more common among older people than among children. The most common bones for chondrosarcoma to grow are the pelvic and shoulder bones along with the superior regions of the arms and legs.
Treatment of bone tumors is highly dependant on the type of tumor. Treatment for some bone cancers may involve surgery, such as limb amputation, or limb-sparing surgery (often in combination with chemotherapy and radiation therapy). Limb sparing or limb salvage surgery, means the limb is spared from amputation. Instead of amputation the affected bone is removed and is done in two ways (a) bone graft, in which a bone from elsewhere from the body is taken or (b) artificial bone is put in.
Types of amputation: Below knee Above knee Symes Hip dis-articulation Hemipelvectomy or hindquarter, in which the whole leg is removed with one half of the pelvis Below elbow Above elbow Shoulder dis-articulation Forequarter (amputation of the whole arm, along with the shoulder blade and the clavicle). The most radical of amputations is hemicorporectomy (trans-lumbar or waist amputation) which removes the legs, the pelvis, urinary system, excretory system and the genital area (penis/testes in males and vagina/vulva in females). This operation is done in two stages. First stage is doing the colostomy and the urinary conduit, the second stage is the amputation. This is a mutilating operation and is only done as a last resort (e.g. when even pelvic exoneration doesn't work or in cases of advanced pelvic/reproductive cancers)
Dislocation
Occurs when bones are forced out of alignment
Fracture
A condition when a bone is cracked or completely borken. Fractures can result from a high force impact, or from stress, but can also result from medical conditions like osteoporosis, cancer, or osteogenesis imperfecta. There are many different types of fractures: A complete fracture occurs when a bone breaks in two places. A greenstick fracture occurs when a bone only cracks on one side, and only goes partially through. A single fracture occurs when a bone is only broken in one place. A comminuted fracture occurs when a bone is crushed, or when it is broken into more than 2 pieces. A bowing fracture, occurs when a bone bends without breaking. This is a fracture that pertains solely to kids. An open fracture occurs when the bone is sticking completely through the skin.
Arthritis
Most wide spread crippling disease in the United States
More than 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that destroy joints and bone.
Chronic forms include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA, also known as degenerative arthritis, degenerative joint disease), is a clinical syndrome in which low-grade inflammation results in pain in the joints, caused by abnormal wearing of the cartilage that covers and acts as a cushion inside joints and destruction or decrease of synovial fluid that lubricates those joints. As the bone surfaces become less well protected by cartilage, the patient experiences pain upon weight bearing, including walking and standing. Due to decreased movement because of the pain, regional muscles may atrophy, and ligaments may become more lax. OA is the most common form of arthritis.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic Auto immune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the joints, causing inflammation (arthritis), and some organs, such as the lungs and skin. It can be a disabling and painful condition, which can lead to substantial loss of functioning mobility due to pain and joint destruction.
Gout (also called metabolic arthritis) is a disease created by a build up of uric acid. In this condition, monosodium urate or uric acid crystals are deposited on the articular cartilage of joints, tendons and surrounding tissues due to elevated concentrations of uric acid in the blood stream. This provokes an inflammatory reaction of these tissues.
Talipes or congenital clubfoot: the feet are permanently inverted, meaning that the soles of the feet are twisted medially to the body.
Pes cavus or clawfoot: is high longitudinal arches. In this condition the joints between the metatarsals and proximal phalanges are bent so that they appear clawed. Often seen in patients with neurological disorders.
Pes planus or flat feet: in this condition the medial longitudinal arch is flattened so that the entire sole region touches the ground. Causes of this deformity can be weight issues, posture, or weakened supporting tissue.
The appendicular skeleton is an appendage to the axial skeleton. It articulates with the axial skeleton at the pelvic and pectoral girdles. The pectoral girdle connects the arms to the ribs/thoracic section of the spine. The pelvic girdle connects the the legs to the sacral region of the spine.
1. You're teaching a three year old to give you 'five.' If their hand is on the bottom, the bones of their forearm are in what position?
*a. supination
b. ossification
c. pronation
d. capitulum
2. You have been called in to settle a dispute between students on whether a particular pelvic girdle belonged to a male or female. What features would you look at to help determine the sex of the individual?
a. subpubic symphisys
b.acetabulum
c. body of pubis
d. angle of coccyx
*e. all of the above
3. Which of the four major bones of the leg, shown on the first image of this web page, is missing on a infant?
____patella______
4. A 68 year old postmenopausal woman is prescribed Fosamax to help with the treatment for which bone disease?
a. Osteoarthritis
b. Osteomyletis
*c.Osteoporosis
d. Rheumatoid Arthritis
5. Most of the Bone Matrix components are synthesized and secreted by _________?
a. Ostoeclasts
*b. Osteoblasts
c. Osteocytes
d. Mesenchymal cells
6. Which of the following is not a role of Osteocalcin?
*a.Inhibits matrix mineralization
b. Binding of Calcium
c. Chemotactic for monocytes
d. Involved in stabilization of hydroxyapatite
7. In a normal adult approximately what percentage of the total skeletal mass is renewed each year?
a. 50%
*b.30%
c. 40%
d. 35%
8. In a study done with bone regeneration, those who showed the fastest bone recovery after the infected bone was removed were which group?
a. those who increased calcium intake
*b. non-smokers
c. those who agreed to implant a steel rod to replace the missing bone
d. those who increased physical activity
9. If the osteoblasts are more active in a bone than the osteoclasts, what occurs?
a. Bones disintegrate
b. Bones become weaker
c. New bone is synthesised
*d. Bones become stronger
10. what three bones fuse to form os coxae?
a. *ilium,ischium, and pubis
b. pubis , ilium, femur.
c. ilium, ischium,tarsal bones.
d. ischium, pubis, iliac crest
11. Which socket connects the head of the humerus to the scapula?
a. suprascapular notch
*b. glenoid cavity
c. subscapular fossa
d. supraspinous fossa
12. What is the most superior process looking protuberance coming off the femur (not including the femoral head)?
a. lesser tronchanter
b. lateral condyle
c. medial condyle
*d. greater trochanter
| Learning Objectives |
- To know and understand the bones of the appendicular skeleton.
- To understand how the appendicular skeleton articulates with the axial skeleton
- Flashcards of the appendicular skeleton and a labeling exercise using the anatomy book online and a crossword puzzle of ch.8 just for fun
- to test yourself in various ways to make sure you understand
| Notes, Pictures & Videos |
This is a great (1 min) video showing what exactly gets replaced during a hip replacement surgery. It has really helpful 3-D images of the pelvic bones and the femur and the hardware used in the procedure.
http://video.about.com/orthopedics/Hip-Replacement.htm
| Upper extremity lecture slides | Lower extremity lecture slides |
000000000000000 a The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones in the human body which make motion possible and protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction. The word appendicular refers to an appendage or anything attached to a major part of the body, such as the upper and lower extremities.
The human skeleton consists of 206 bones held together by flexible tissue consisting of cartilage and ligaments . It is composed of two basic parts, the axial and the appendicular skeletons. The axial skeleton includes the cranium, jawbone, ribs, sternum, and spinal column. The appendicular skeleton is made up of the upper (shoulder or pectoral) and lower (pelvic) girdles and the bones of the arms and legs. Many diseases associated with the skeleton occur at the joints, notably the various types of arthritis , although such diseases as bone cancer may directly affect the skeleton. Skeletal remains are vital to physical anthropologists, who use them to trace human evolution. The appendicular skeleton has six major areas of focus:
Bones of the Pectoral girdle:
The pectoral girdle consists of the consists of the Clavicle and Scapula. The acromial end (lateral end) articulates with the “acromion” (Greek for “shoulder peak”) of the scapula, forming the “Acromioclavicular Joint”. The only joints between shoulder girdle and axial skeleton are the sternoclavicular joints on each side. No joint exists between each scapula and the thoracic cage, instead the muscular connection between the two permits relatively great mobility of the shoulder girdle in relation to the pelvic girdle.
- The clavicle is an "S-shaped" bone that extends between the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula.
- The scapula is a broad, flat, triangular bone that forms the "shoulder blade."
Bones of the Arm:
Each arm consists of three bones. The bone of the proximal portion of the arm is the Humerus. The more distal bones of the arm are the Ulna, which is more medial in anatomical position and the Radius, which is more lateral in anatomical position.
In anatomy, an arm is one of the upper limbs. In the lexicon of human anatomy, the term arm refers specifically to the segment between the shoulder and the elbow. The segment between the elbow and wrist is the forearm. However, in colloquial speech the term arm often refers to the entire upper limb from shoulder to wrist.
In primates the arms are richly adapted for both climbing and for more skilled, manipulative tasks. The ball and socket shoulder joint allows for movement of the arms in a wide circular plane, while the presence of two forearm bones which can rotate around each other allows for additional range of motion at this level.
a 
a
aa000000000000000000 Bones of the Hand:
 | |
| Human left hand | |
| manus | |
| Bones of the Pelvis: |
The (pelvis pl. pelvises or pelves) is the bony structure located at the base of the spine (properly known as the caudal end). It is part of the appendicular skeleton. Each os coxae (hipbone) consists of three bones: the Ilium, Ischium, and the Pubis. The ilium is the largest and upper most part, the ischium is the posterior-inferior (back-lower) part, and the pubis is the anterior (front) part of the hipbone. The two hipbones are joined anteriorly at the symphysis pubis and posteriorly to the sacrum. The pelvis incorporates the socket portion of the hip joint for each leg (in bipeds) or hind leg (in quadrupeds). It forms the lower limb (or hind-limb) girdle of
the skeleton.
The Right Leg
There are four bones in the leg. From anterior to posterior they are the Femur, the Patella, the Tibia and the Fibula. The Femur, Tibia and Fibula are all long bones. The patella is a short bone that forms as sesmoid bone as infants learn to crawl. The knee is a hinge joint.
The femur is the longest bone in the body and it is located in the upper leg. The tibia is medially placed and is the weigh-bearing bone in the lower leg. The fibula is the long,thin, laterally placed bone of the lower leg.
Photos of the Greater Trochanter from Total Hip replacement:
Neck of Femur sawed to remove the Alternate view of the Femoral Head. Ligamentum Teres coming out of the Fovea Capitis. Femoral Head for Hip Replacement.
- The Left Foot
The foot is made up of groups many groups of bones. The most posterior section of the foot is the Calcaneus and the Talus. the Talus connects the foot to the tibia of the leg. In addition to these two bones the reset of the foot is made up of groups of bones. From posterior to anterior they are the Tarsals, Metatarsals and Phalanges. These bones are number from the medial side, the big toe, to the lateral
side of the foot, the pinky toe.
Calcaneus- largest tarsal bone, which forms the heel.
Talus- the superior-most and second largest tarsal bone.
Tarsals- foot bones (mostly similar to those in the hands). There are seven of them in the ankle and proximal foot.
Metatarsals- five long bones of the foot similar to the arrangement and name of the metacarpals of the hand
Phalanges- the bones of the toes. There are 14 total phalanges in the toes of the foot.
AWESOME picture of an Compound FX and Dislocation of the Right Ankle
Other Bone Information:
- The Functions of a Bone
- Store Minerals
- Bones store calcium, phosphorus and other minerals used by your body.
- Bones help protect the body from injury. The spine and skull protect the CNS (Central Nervous System).
- Bones provide form and structure for muscles to work against. Muscles can contract, but not extend. Using bones as levers one muscle can contract to extend another.
- Red blood cells and some white blood cells are formed in the epiphysis of long bones. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body. White blood cells help fight off infections.
- The skeletal system provides a framework of support for the body to be built upon. The bones of the legs and back support the body's entire weight.
This is a diagram of a normal persons toe.This is what happens when you get an ingrown toenail.Parts of a Long Bone
The articular cartilage (not pictured) is smooth cartilage in joints that is kept moist by synovial fluid. | Case Study |
| Patient Medical History -Breast Cancer -Right mastectomy 1996 -Chemotherapy -Occasional hip pain -No fractures, trauma, or falls Study was not satisfactory due to excess background from a PET scan that was performed earlier in the day. The 511 keV of F-18 is much too high for the gamma camera resulting in scatter. This study is interesting because it demonstrates what can happen if procedures are not scheduled correctly. It is important that other exams that the patient may need will not be scheduled at a time that will interfere with nuclear medicine exams. This mistake greatly deteriorated the quality of the scan. The patient had to be rescheduled for another bone scan three days later. The second bone scan resulted in a high quality image. |  |
| Repeat Bone Scan Three Days Later Radiology Report -Interpretation: Increased activity in the feet and in the left wrist consistent with degenerative/arthritic process. No focal areas of abnormal activity to suggest metastatic disease in the included portions of the axial and appendicular skeleton.  |
In this picture, this patient was riding a BMX bike and wrecked and dislocated his Medial malleolous from his Talus.On the left is an x-ray of the left foot. A broken 5th metatarsal can clearly been seen. On the right, post surgery. A surgeon has performed an ORIF (Open Reduction, Internal Fixation)...which in this case, is to screw a stainless steel or titanium metal plate onto the broken bone to hold it in place while it heals.
These two photos show an ORIF in progress. On the left, Senn (Miller) retractors hold the incision open so the surgeon can work on the broken metatarsal. On the right, the metal plate used to hold the broken metatarsal during the healing process is in place.
These pictures show us how amazing ballerinas feet are. When ballerinas go on point they are putting all of their weight on the tips of all their toes. This picture on the left also shows us how hard dancing can be to our feet. This x-ray above is giving us a much different view from just watching a ballerina dance.
Here is a famous football injury that happened to Joe Theisman in the early 80's. Lawrence Taylor tackles him, and he breaks his tibia. This was a career ending injury. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PQ1iVRRu6w0
Disease and Problems associated with the Appendicular Skeleton:
Bone Cancer
Bone tumor is an inexact term, which can be used for both benign and malignant abnormal growths found in bone, but is most commonly used for primary tumors of bone, such as osteosarcoma (or osteoma).
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of malignant bone cancer accounting for 35% of primary bone malignancies. There is a preference for the metaphyseal region of tubular long bones 50% of cases occur around the knee. It is a malignant connective (soft) tissue tumor whose neoplastic cells present osteoblastic differentiation and form tumoral bone.
Chondrosarcoma is a type of cancer of the bone. Chondrosarcoma is a cartilage-based tumor and is in a category of cancers called sarcomas. About 25% of primary bone cancers (meaning those which start in the bone) are chondrosarcomas. This disease can affect people or animals of any age, although it is more common among older people than among children. The most common bones for chondrosarcoma to grow are the pelvic and shoulder bones along with the superior regions of the arms and legs.
Treatment of bone tumors is highly dependant on the type of tumor. Treatment for some bone cancers may involve surgery, such as limb amputation, or limb-sparing surgery (often in combination with chemotherapy and radiation therapy). Limb sparing or limb salvage surgery, means the limb is spared from amputation. Instead of amputation the affected bone is removed and is done in two ways (a) bone graft, in which a bone from elsewhere from the body is taken or (b) artificial bone is put in.
Types of amputation: Below knee Above knee Symes Hip dis-articulation Hemipelvectomy or hindquarter, in which the whole leg is removed with one half of the pelvis Below elbow Above elbow Shoulder dis-articulation Forequarter (amputation of the whole arm, along with the shoulder blade and the clavicle). The most radical of amputations is hemicorporectomy (trans-lumbar or waist amputation) which removes the legs, the pelvis, urinary system, excretory system and the genital area (penis/testes in males and vagina/vulva in females). This operation is done in two stages. First stage is doing the colostomy and the urinary conduit, the second stage is the amputation. This is a mutilating operation and is only done as a last resort (e.g. when even pelvic exoneration doesn't work or in cases of advanced pelvic/reproductive cancers)
Dislocation
Occurs when bones are forced out of alignment
Fracture
A condition when a bone is cracked or completely borken. Fractures can result from a high force impact, or from stress, but can also result from medical conditions like osteoporosis, cancer, or osteogenesis imperfecta. There are many different types of fractures:
Open Fracture.
Arthritis
Most wide spread crippling disease in the United States
More than 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that destroy joints and bone.
Chronic forms include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA, also known as degenerative arthritis, degenerative joint disease), is a clinical syndrome in which low-grade inflammation results in pain in the joints, caused by abnormal wearing of the cartilage that covers and acts as a cushion inside joints and destruction or decrease of synovial fluid that lubricates those joints. As the bone surfaces become less well protected by cartilage, the patient experiences pain upon weight bearing, including walking and standing. Due to decreased movement because of the pain, regional muscles may atrophy, and ligaments may become more lax. OA is the most common form of arthritis.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic Auto immune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the joints, causing inflammation (arthritis), and some organs, such as the lungs and skin. It can be a disabling and painful condition, which can lead to substantial loss of functioning mobility due to pain and joint destruction.
Gout (also called metabolic arthritis) is a disease created by a build up of uric acid. In this condition, monosodium urate or uric acid crystals are deposited on the articular cartilage of joints, tendons and surrounding tissues due to elevated concentrations of uric acid in the blood stream. This provokes an inflammatory reaction of these tissues.
Diseases related with the foot:
Talipes or congenital clubfoot: the feet are permanently inverted, meaning that the soles of the feet are twisted medially to the body.
Pes cavus or clawfoot: is high longitudinal arches. In this condition the joints between the metatarsals and proximal phalanges are bent so that they appear clawed. Often seen in patients with neurological disorders.
Pes planus or flat feet: in this condition the medial longitudinal arch is flattened so that the entire sole region touches the ground. Causes of this deformity can be weight issues, posture, or weakened supporting tissue.
| In the News |
| Glossary |
- interosseous membrane: helps keep the radius and the ulna a fixed distance from each other; also provides a pivot of rotation for the forearm
- supination: rotation of the forearm so that the hand faces anteriorly (think anatomical position)
- pronation: rotational movement of the forearm causing the hand to face posteriorly. The ulna and radius are crossed in pronation.
- Scaphoid bone: is found on the lateral border of the wrist near the styloid process of radius.
- Sesamoid bone:A membranous bone formed in a tendon in response to joint stress (eg, the patella).
| Connections to other body systems |
The appendicular skeleton is an appendage to the axial skeleton. It articulates with the axial skeleton at the pelvic and pectoral girdles. The pectoral girdle connects the arms to the ribs/thoracic section of the spine. The pelvic girdle connects the the legs to the sacral region of the spine.
| Review Questions |
1. You're teaching a three year old to give you 'five.' If their hand is on the bottom, the bones of their forearm are in what position?
*a. supination
b. ossification
c. pronation
d. capitulum
2. You have been called in to settle a dispute between students on whether a particular pelvic girdle belonged to a male or female. What features would you look at to help determine the sex of the individual?
a. subpubic symphisys
b.acetabulum
c. body of pubis
d. angle of coccyx
*e. all of the above
3. Which of the four major bones of the leg, shown on the first image of this web page, is missing on a infant?
____patella______
4. A 68 year old postmenopausal woman is prescribed Fosamax to help with the treatment for which bone disease?
a. Osteoarthritis
b. Osteomyletis
*c.Osteoporosis
d. Rheumatoid Arthritis
5. Most of the Bone Matrix components are synthesized and secreted by _________?
a. Ostoeclasts
*b. Osteoblasts
c. Osteocytes
d. Mesenchymal cells
6. Which of the following is not a role of Osteocalcin?
*a.Inhibits matrix mineralization
b. Binding of Calcium
c. Chemotactic for monocytes
d. Involved in stabilization of hydroxyapatite
7. In a normal adult approximately what percentage of the total skeletal mass is renewed each year?
a. 50%
*b.30%
c. 40%
d. 35%
8. In a study done with bone regeneration, those who showed the fastest bone recovery after the infected bone was removed were which group?
a. those who increased calcium intake
*b. non-smokers
c. those who agreed to implant a steel rod to replace the missing bone
d. those who increased physical activity
9. If the osteoblasts are more active in a bone than the osteoclasts, what occurs?
a. Bones disintegrate
b. Bones become weaker
c. New bone is synthesised
*d. Bones become stronger
10. what three bones fuse to form os coxae?
a. *ilium,ischium, and pubis
b. pubis , ilium, femur.
c. ilium, ischium,tarsal bones.
d. ischium, pubis, iliac crest
11. Which socket connects the head of the humerus to the scapula?
a. suprascapular notch
*b. glenoid cavity
c. subscapular fossa
d. supraspinous fossa
12. What is the most superior process looking protuberance coming off the femur (not including the femoral head)?
a. lesser tronchanter
b. lateral condyle
c. medial condyle
*d. greater trochanter
SURhinehart |
Latest page update: made by SURhinehart
, Apr 28 2009, 10:32 AM EDT
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