Slides from class introducing the human species and briefly discussing the history of anatomy





Flashcards for studying are available at this link

Notes and Pictures related to lecture

Here are a few people that had a significant impact on the study of anatomy.

Galen was a prominent ancient Greek Physician, whose theories dominated Western medical science for well over a millennium. Galen performed many audacious operations — including brain and eye surgeries — that were not tried again for almost two Milena. To perform cataract surgery, he would insert a long needle-like instrument into the eye behind the lens; He would then pull the instrument back slightly to remove the cataract. The slightest slip could have caused permanent blindness.

His dissection information was not based on the human body, but the dissection of animals!

Galen also identified veins and Arterial blood, each with distinct and separate functions. Venous blood was thought to originate in the liver and arterial blood in the heart; the blood flowed from those organs to all parts of the body where it was consumed. Galen believed that an excess of blood was sometimes produced, leading to "plethora," which was treated by bloodletting.

He believed that the body had four humors: 1. blood, 2. phlegm, 3. yellow bile, and 4. black bile. He created a complex system of how much blood should be removed based on the patients age, constitution, the season, the weather and the place. Because Galen was considered such an authority of medical matters, this practice of bloodletting continued for about 1500 years!


Andreas Vesalius was an anatomist physician and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body). Vesalius is often referred to as the "founder of modern human anatomy."
Andreas Vesalius (1514-64) was a Belgian anatomist and physician whose dissections of the human body and descriptions of his finding helped to correct misconceptions prevailing since ancient times.

Vesalius was born in Brussels and attended the University of Louvain and later the University of Paris, where he studied from 1533 to 1536. At Paris he studied medicine and developed an interest in anatomy. With further study at the University of Padua in 1537 Vesalius obtained his medical degree and a job as a lecturer on surgery.

During his research Vesalius showed that the anatomical teachings of Galen, revered in medical schools, was based upon the dissections of animals even though they were meant as a guide to the human body. Vesalius based his dissection on the human body. He had support from a judge that would get him bodies to further this work. This enabled him to contribute comprehensive anatomical information.

Vesalius wrote the revolutionary texts, De Humani Corporis Fabrica, which were seven volumes on the structure of the human body. The volumes were completely illustrated with fine engravings based on his own drawings. These were the most accurate and comprehensive anatomical texts to date and led to his appointment as physician to Holy Roman emperor Charles V.

After Charles V resigned his son, Philip II, appointed Vesalius to his staff of physicians in 1559. After several years at the imperial court in Madrid, Vesalius made a voyage to the Holy Land. On the voyage home in 1564, he died in a shipwreck off of the island of Zacynthus.

What is anatomy?
Art in the Renaissance depicts a desire for understanding.
Below are three famous renderings of the human body.
Artists learned anatomy to further their drawings, paintings and sculptures of people.




1. "Anatomia del corpo humano" by Juan Valverde de Amusco depicts a human body with the skin removed.
2. "Vitruvian Man" by Leonardo DaVinci shows a man almost in anatomical position with arms raised and legs moved.
3. "Anatomy Lesson" by Rembrandt has master teaching students about the body.

“Anatomy” is the study of structure of the human body. Anatomy can be broken down into two areas of study. The first is Microscopic anatomy. This area includes “cytology”, which is the study of cells, and “histology”, which is the study of tissues

The second area is gross anatomy or "macroscopic anatomy" which investigates the large body parts that are visible to the naked eye. There are three sub areas. The first is Systemic anatomy, which studies the gross anatomy of each system, such as the digestive system, circulatory system, or reproductive system. This is the easiest way for people to learn. The second area is Regional anatomy, which is the study of all the structures in a particular body region, internal and external, such as the head. The third and final is Surface anatomy, which is the study of superficial landmarks on the outside of the human body that are created by underlying structures and their medical importance.

Two parts of regional anatomy include the axial region, which includes the head, neck, and trunk, and forms the main vertical axis of our body and the appendicular region, which includes the limbs/appendages that attach to the body's axis.
(eg. The skull is part of the axial skeleton)

The body is made up of smaller pieces that make up the whole. This is how the organization begins.

• atom- Smallest units of matter.

• molecule- Two or more atoms form a molecule. ex: protein, water molecule, & vitamin.

• cell- (these are the basic units of structure and function in an organism)

• tissues- (these are groups of similar cells with a common specialized function)(there are four types)

epithelial:
this tissue covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities

connective:
this tissue protects, supports, and interconnects body parts and organs

Muscle: (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse"[1]) is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. Muscle cells contain contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. They are classified as skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscles. Their function is to produce force and cause motion. Muscles can cause either locomotion of the organism itself or movement of internal organs. Cardiac and smooth muscle contraction occurs without conscious thought and is necessary for survival. This tissue is involved in movement

nervous- conducts impulses for internal communication

• organs- two or more tissue types that work together to form specific complex functions

There is a condition where all the major internal organs are reversed this is called situs inversus.
The normal arrangement is known as situs solitus.

Characteristics of living things include
-metabolism
-growth and development
-responsiveness
-regulation
-reproduction


BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES

Posterior Aspect

Cranial Cavity- formed by the cranium and houses the brain

Vertebral canal- formed by individual bones of vertebral column and contains spinal cord

Ventral Cavity (torso or trunk)- arises from a space called the coelom

thoracic cavity (lined with serous membranes)-that includes the breasts, sternal region, armpits, and vertebral region
diaphragm
abdominopelvic cavity (lines with serous membranes)

In anatomy a serous membrane (or serosa) is a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which secrete serous fluid. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement. The parietal serous membrane lines the internal surface of the body wall while the visceral serous membrane covers the external surface of organs

• The pleural membranes are found around the lungs
• The pericardial membranes are found around the heart
• The peritoneal membranes are found around the abdominal organs
  • Peritoneal lavage checks for bleeding of abdominal organs
  • Cullen's sign (bruising around umbilicus) can indicate bleeding in a retroperitoneal organ, such as the kidneys

The body can anatomically be divided into Four Quadrants:

RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT The right upper quadrant of the human abdomen, often labeled as RUQ, is used to refer to a portion of the abdomen that allows localization of pain and tenderness, scars, lumps and other items of interest. The RUQ extends from the median plane to the right of the patient, and from the umbilical plane to the right ribcage. The term is not used in comparative anatomy, since most other animals do not stand erect. The equivalent term for animals is 'right anterior quadrant'.

LEFT UPPER QUADRANT The left upper quadrant is the location of the left portion of the liver, the larger portion of the stomach, the pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of the transverse and descending colon and parts of the small intestine.

RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT In the right lower quadrant sits the cecum, appendix, part of the small intestines, the right reproductive organs, and the right ureter.

LEFT LOWER QUADRANT The left lower quadrant houses the majority of the small intestine, some of the large intestine, the left reproductive organs and the left ureter.

This combination cavity includes the abdomen and the pelvis.
Abdomen- includes the naval and most of the organs of the digestive system, the kidneys, and the ureters
pelvic region- includes the pubic area

• the perineum
• the external sex organs
• anal opening
• small of the back
• sacral region
• buttocks(mid-line of buttocks is called the natal cleft)(buttocks is the region of many intramuscular injections, but aim for upper lateral quadrant to avoid sciatic nerve)

HUMAN EVOLUTION

Case Study

The term; situs inversusis a short form of the Latin phrase "situs inversus viscerum," meaning "inverted position of the internal organs." Dextrocardia (the heart being located on the right side of the thorax) was first recognized by Marco Severino in 1643. However, situs inversus was first described more than a century later by Matthew Baillie.
The prevalence of situs inversus varies among different populations but is less than 1 in 10,000 people. Donnie Osmond has this disorder. Don't automatically rule out an appendicitis just because it is on the left side.

Mayo Clinic- 54 year old male with Dyspnea and Abdominal Wall Bruising

Clinical significance

The RUQ may be painful and/or tender in such conditions as hepatitis, cholecystitis, and peptic ulcer.

In the News

Have you heard of the book about cadavers? It's called "Stiff, The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers"

Glossary

Section- actual cut or slice Plane- imaginary flat surface passing through the body Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane) A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides. Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane) A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions. Axial Plane (Transverse Plane) A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts.

In addition to the coronal, transverse, and sagittal planes, there is the Oblique Plane, which passes through specimens at an angle.

Medial	Toward the mid-line of the body
Lateral	Away from the mid-line of the body
Proximal	Toward a reference point (extremity)
Distal	Away from a reference point (extremity)
Inferior	Lower or below
Superior	Upper or above
Cephalic or Cranial	Head
Caudal or Caudad	Tail, tail end
Anterior	Toward the front
Posterior	Toward the back
Dorsal	Posterior
Ventral	Anterior

Connections to other body systems

If you have ever heard the term the hip bone is connected to the leg bone, then you would know that everything is connected together in your body to form one ultimate system.

Food for thought- Can anyone not name a connection to another part of the body?

Review Questions

**Answers found here:http://anatowiki.wetpaint.com/page/Review+Answers