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Urinary system
There are several subpages related to Urinary System:
To Know the Urinary System, what it is composed of and how it works.
What it is : the Urinary system is a filtration system for the blood. It allows the body to get rid of waste products from the cardiovascular system and the rest of the body's tissues.
What the Urinary System is Made of:
It is composed of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, a urinary bladder, a urethra, nerves, veins and arteries.
Kidneys: are located retroperitoneal (retro=back, behind, so behind the perineum) The primary role is to maintain homeostasis within the body, and helps also helps filter the blood and urine. An adrenal gland rests on the superior surface of each kidney. The kidneys are supported by several tissue layers. The innermost layer,is called the fibrous capsule. which maintains the kidney shape and protects it from trauma. The layer on top of the fibrous capsule is called the perinephric fat (adipose capsule), which is formed by a thick layer of adipose (fat) connective tissue. It offers cushioning and insulation for the kidney. The third layer is called the renal fascia which is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. This layer attaches the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall. The most superficial layer is called paranephric fat, which is composed of adipose connective tissue and lies between the renal fascia and the parietal peritoneum. Another function of kidneys is the regulation of the pH of blood. Ureters: Are long, fibromuscular tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The average length for each ureter is 25 cm in length, or about 10 inches. They originate around the middle of the kidney and extend posterioinferiorly to enter the posterior later wall of the bladder. The ureters have 3 layers, or "tunics" (deep to superficial): the mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia. The mucosa is composed of stretchy transitional epithelium, the muscularis of smooth muscle fibers, and the adventitia is a dispersed array of collagen and elastic fibers within areolar (loose) connective tissue.
Urinary bladder: Is an expandable, muscular container that serves as the reservoir for urine. In females the urinary bladder is adjacent to the uterus posterosuperiorly and to the vagina posteroinferiorly. In males the urinary bladder is adjacent to the rectum posterosuperiorly and is immediately superior to the prostate gland. The bladder collects urine from the ureters and sends a signal to the brain when full by a process called micturition (micturio= to desire to make water). It is held in place by a fibrous cordlike structure called the median umbilical ligament. There are four tunics associated with the structure of the bladder: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and the adventitia ( sound vaguely familiar?).
Anatomy of a kidney and the urinary system 
Nephron located in the kidney
Polycystic kidney disease isn't limited to only your kidneys, although the kidneys usually are the most severely affected organs. The disease can cause cysts to develop elsewhere in your body.
The greatest risk for people with polycystic kidney disease is developing high blood pressure. Kidney failure also is common with polycystic kidney disease.
The symptoms of PKD include kidney failure, increased urination, high blood pressure, hypertrophy of the kidney, back or side pain, kidney stones and polyuria (blood in the urine.)
PKD is a genetic disorder and there are two types: Autosomal Dominant Polycistic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) and Autosomal Recessive Polycistic Kidney Disease (ARPKD). In ADPKD only one parent has to have the disease to pass it onto a child and the child has a 50 percent chance of inheriting PKD. This type of PKD is a majority of the cases found. In ARPKD both parents have to carry the gene for PKD and a child has a 25 percent change of inherting the disease.
UTIs
Cortex- the outer layer of the kidney.
Reno Calculous- Kidney stone
Nephritis- inflammation on the kidney
Diuretic-any substance that increase urine output. Alcohol, caffeinated drinks, and diuretic drugs are some examples.
Incontinence-inability to control urination. Most likely seen in elderly people, and childbirth.
Nocturia-urinating during the night.
Polyuria-excessive urination.
Renal agenesis-the failure of a kidney to develop.
Lumen- the cavity of a tubular organ
Homeostasis- the maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions
pH- measure of acidity/alkalinity
posterioinferiorly- below (posterior) and behind (inferior)
Micturition- urination, in other words
Sphincter- an annular muscle surrounding and able to contract a body opening
Autonomic Nervous System- part of the nervous system that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle tissue, glands, and other structures which have an involuntary function
the Circulatory System
1. What organ of the body is responsible and in charge of filtering the blood?
a. Ureter
b. Urinary bladder
c. Kidney*
d. Urethra
2. Tubular fluid travels from the proximal convoluted tubule next travels to what?
a. Collecting duct
b. Capsular space
c. Distal convoluted tubule
d. Nephron tube *
3. All of the following are parts of the urinary system except?
a. gall bladder*
b. kidneys
c. ureter
d. urethra
4. What structure conducts urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
a. urethra
b. nephron
c. ureter*
d. collecting duct
5. What structure conducts urine from the urinary bladder out of the body?
a. ureter
b. kidney
c. gall bladder
11. What can be affected by polycistic desease?
a. Only the kidneys
b. Small intestines
c. Anywhere in your body
d. Urinary tract
| Learning Objectives |
What it is : the Urinary system is a filtration system for the blood. It allows the body to get rid of waste products from the cardiovascular system and the rest of the body's tissues.
What the Urinary System is Made of:
It is composed of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, a urinary bladder, a urethra, nerves, veins and arteries.
Kidneys: are located retroperitoneal (retro=back, behind, so behind the perineum) The primary role is to maintain homeostasis within the body, and helps also helps filter the blood and urine. An adrenal gland rests on the superior surface of each kidney. The kidneys are supported by several tissue layers. The innermost layer,is called the fibrous capsule. which maintains the kidney shape and protects it from trauma. The layer on top of the fibrous capsule is called the perinephric fat (adipose capsule), which is formed by a thick layer of adipose (fat) connective tissue. It offers cushioning and insulation for the kidney. The third layer is called the renal fascia which is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. This layer attaches the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall. The most superficial layer is called paranephric fat, which is composed of adipose connective tissue and lies between the renal fascia and the parietal peritoneum. Another function of kidneys is the regulation of the pH of blood.
Urinary bladder: Is an expandable, muscular container that serves as the reservoir for urine. In females the urinary bladder is adjacent to the uterus posterosuperiorly and to the vagina posteroinferiorly. In males the urinary bladder is adjacent to the rectum posterosuperiorly and is immediately superior to the prostate gland. The bladder collects urine from the ureters and sends a signal to the brain when full by a process called micturition (micturio= to desire to make water). It is held in place by a fibrous cordlike structure called the median umbilical ligament. There are four tunics associated with the structure of the bladder: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and the adventitia ( sound vaguely familiar?).
Urethra: Fibromuscular tube that connects the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body. The lumen of the urethra is a mucosal membrane that houses mucin-producing cells called urethral glands. Smooth muscles fibers around the urethra conduct urine outside the body. Two urethral sphincters restrict the release of urine until the pressure within the urinary bladder is high enough and voluntary activities needed to release the urine are activated. The internal urethral sphincter is involuntary and innervated by the autonomic nervous system. The external urethral sphincter is composed primarily of skeletal muscle fibers, making it voluntary. This sphincter is innervated by the somatic nervous system.
| Notes, Pictures & Videos |
Anatomy of a kidney and the urinary system
Nephron located in the kidney
| Case Study |
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a disorder in which clusters of cysts develop primarily within your kidneys. Cysts are noncancerous (benign) round sacs containing water-like fluid. Having one or two benign cysts on the kidney are not uncommon in people over the age of 50, but when abnormal numbers of cysts arise, it could be classified as PKD. Tests such as ultrasounds, CT scans, MRI and genetic testing can be conducted to diagnose this disease.
Polycystic kidney disease isn't limited to only your kidneys, although the kidneys usually are the most severely affected organs. The disease can cause cysts to develop elsewhere in your body.
The greatest risk for people with polycystic kidney disease is developing high blood pressure. Kidney failure also is common with polycystic kidney disease.
The symptoms of PKD include kidney failure, increased urination, high blood pressure, hypertrophy of the kidney, back or side pain, kidney stones and polyuria (blood in the urine.)
PKD is a genetic disorder and there are two types: Autosomal Dominant Polycistic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) and Autosomal Recessive Polycistic Kidney Disease (ARPKD). In ADPKD only one parent has to have the disease to pass it onto a child and the child has a 50 percent chance of inheriting PKD. This type of PKD is a majority of the cases found. In ARPKD both parents have to carry the gene for PKD and a child has a 25 percent change of inherting the disease.
UTIs
| Glossary |
Reno Calculous- Kidney stone
Nephritis- inflammation on the kidney
Diuretic-any substance that increase urine output. Alcohol, caffeinated drinks, and diuretic drugs are some examples.
Incontinence-inability to control urination. Most likely seen in elderly people, and childbirth.
Nocturia-urinating during the night.
Polyuria-excessive urination.
Renal agenesis-the failure of a kidney to develop.
Lumen- the cavity of a tubular organ
Homeostasis- the maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions
pH- measure of acidity/alkalinity
posterioinferiorly- below (posterior) and behind (inferior)
Micturition- urination, in other words
Sphincter- an annular muscle surrounding and able to contract a body opening
Autonomic Nervous System- part of the nervous system that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle tissue, glands, and other structures which have an involuntary function
| Somatic Nervous System- part of the nervous system that innervates the skeletal muscle, allows voluntary action Ureters- are long fibromuscular tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Urethra- is a fibromuscular tube that exits the urinary bladder through the urethral opening from its anteroinferior surface and conducts urine to the exterior of the body. Contains two sphincters. "Internal urethral sphincter" which is involuntary and the "external urethral sphincter which is voluntary. |  |
| |
| Connections to other body systems |
| Review Questions |
1. What organ of the body is responsible and in charge of filtering the blood?
a. Ureter
b. Urinary bladder
c. Kidney*
d. Urethra
2. Tubular fluid travels from the proximal convoluted tubule next travels to what?
a. Collecting duct
b. Capsular space
c. Distal convoluted tubule
d. Nephron tube *
3. All of the following are parts of the urinary system except?
a. gall bladder*
b. kidneys
c. ureter
d. urethra
4. What structure conducts urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
a. urethra
b. nephron
c. ureter*
d. collecting duct
5. What structure conducts urine from the urinary bladder out of the body?
a. ureter
b. kidney
c. gall bladder
d. urethra*
6. What urethral sphincter is under our voluntary control?
a. Internal urethral sphincter
b. External urethral sphincter*
c. Pyloric sphincter
d. none of the above
7. Are the kidneys and the urinary bladder located retroperiotneal or peritoneal?
a. Retroperitoneal*
6. What urethral sphincter is under our voluntary control?
a. Internal urethral sphincter
b. External urethral sphincter*
c. Pyloric sphincter
d. none of the above
7. Are the kidneys and the urinary bladder located retroperiotneal or peritoneal?
a. Retroperitoneal*
b. Peritoneal
8. The micturition reflex controls:
a. urine formation
b. voiding of the filled bladder*
c. formation of a salt gradient in the kidney
d. filling of the urinary bladder
9. The apex of a renal pyramid is called the renal
a. calyx
b. papilla*
c. column
d. capsule
10. which structure is not controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
a. tunica muscularis of the ureter
b. external urethral sphincter*
c. internal urethral sphincter
d. detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder
8. The micturition reflex controls:
a. urine formation
b. voiding of the filled bladder*
c. formation of a salt gradient in the kidney
d. filling of the urinary bladder
9. The apex of a renal pyramid is called the renal
a. calyx
b. papilla*
c. column
d. capsule
10. which structure is not controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
a. tunica muscularis of the ureter
b. external urethral sphincter*
c. internal urethral sphincter
d. detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder
11. What can be affected by polycistic desease?
a. Only the kidneys
b. Small intestines
c. Anywhere in your body
d. Urinary tract
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